Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease marked by elevated blood glucose levels, which can lead to serious long-term health issues. Although each type of diabetes has unique causes and treatment methods, high blood sugar is a common factor among them all. In India, nearly 8% of the population is affected by diabetes, with Type 2 diabetes comprising over 95% of cases. When uncontrolled, diabetes can damage blood vessels, impacting key organs like the heart, kidneys, eyes, brain, and feet, which reduces quality of life and can lead to complications.
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Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)

  • Prevalence: Accounts for less than 5% of diabetes cases
  • Onset: Generally appears in childhood or young adulthood

Symptoms

  • Frequent urination (polyuria)
  • Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
  • Increased hunger (polyphagia)
  • Weight loss

Cause: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in little to no insulin production

Management: Lifelong insulin therapy is essential, as this type is known as Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM).

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

  • Prevalence: Over 95% of all diabetes cases
  • Onset: Primarily after age 40 but increasingly seen in younger individuals due to rising obesity rates
  • Pathophysiology: Insulin resistance with gradual decline in insulin production, leading to a relative insulin deficiency
  • Management:
  • Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, weight control)
  • Oral medications to enhance insulin sensitivity and production
  • Insulin therapy in advanced cases

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

  • Onset: Develops during pregnancy, often resolving after delivery
  • Prevalence: Affects approximately 4% of pregnant women
  • Management: Insulin therapy may be required during pregnancy for healthy blood sugar levels
  • Risk: Increases future risk of developing Type 2 diabetes

Other types of Diabetes:

  • Diabetes of young including Maturity onset Diabetes of young(MODY),
  • LADA ( Late autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus of adults),
  • Secondary Diabetes eg: , Hyperpituitarism, Cushing’s disease etc.
  • Drug induced : use of steroids